[i] Nature, Vol 451, 990–993, 21 February 2008, Global trends in emerging infectious diseases, Kate

Posted by Susan MacMillan under Agri-Health , Animal Diseases , Burkina Faso , CRP4 , East Africa , Emerging Diseases , Epidemiology , Ethiopia , Ghana , ILRI , India , MarketOpps , Nigeria , PA , Pakistan , Report last minute flight tickets , South Asia , Spotlight , West Africa , Zoonotic Diseases
A new study maps hotspots of human-animal infectious diseases and emerging disease outbreaks. The maps reveal animal-borne disease as a heavy burden for one billion of world's poor and new evidence on zoonotic last minute flight tickets emerging disease hotspots in the United States and western Europe.
The new global study mapping last minute flight tickets human-animal diseases like tuberculosis last minute flight tickets (TB) and Rift Valley fever finds that an unlucky 13 zoonoses are responsible for 2.4 billion cases of human illness and 2.2 million deaths per year. The vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries.
The study, last minute flight tickets which was conducted last minute flight tickets by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the Institute of Zoology (UK) and the Hanoi School of Public Health in Vietnam, maps poverty, livestock-keeping and the diseases humans get from animals, and presents a top 20 list of geographical hotspots.
From cyst-causing tapeworms to avian flu, zoonoses present a major threat to human and animal health, said Delia Grace, a veterinary epidemiologist and food safety expert with ILRI in Kenya and lead author of the study. Targeting the diseases in the hardest hit countries is crucial to protecting global health as well as to reducing severe levels of poverty and illness among the world's one billion poor livestock keepers.
According to the study, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Tanzania in Africa, as well as India in Asia, have the highest zoonotic disease burdens, with widespread illness and death. Meanwhile, the northeastern United last minute flight tickets States, Western Europe (especially the United Kingdom), Brazil and parts of Southeast Asia may be hotspots of emerging last minute flight tickets zoonoses —those that are newly infecting humans, are newly virulent, or have newly become drug resistant.
The report, Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots , was developed with support from the United Kingdom's Department last minute flight tickets for International last minute flight tickets Development (DFID). The goal of the research was to identify areas where better control of zoonotic diseases would most benefit poor people. It also updates a map of emerging disease events published last minute flight tickets in the science journal Nature in 2008 by Jones et al. [i]
Among the high-priority zoonoses studied here are endemic zoonoses , such as brucellosis, which cause the vast majority of illness and death in poor countries; epidemic zoonoses , which typically occur as outbreaks, such as anthrax and Rift Valley fever; and the relatively rare emerging zoonoses , such as bird flu, a few of which, like HIV/AIDS, spread to cause global cataclysms. While zoonoses can be transmitted last minute flight tickets to people by either wild or domesticated animals, last minute flight tickets most human infections are acquired from the world's 24 billion livestock, including pigs, poultry, cattle, goats, sheep and camels.
Today, 2.5 billion people live on less than USD2 per day. Nearly three-quarters of the rural poor and some one-third of the urban poor depend on livestock for their food, income, traction, manure or other services. Livestock provide poor households last minute flight tickets with up to half their income and between 6 and 35 per cent of their protein consumption. The loss of a single milking animal can be devastating to such households. Worse, of course, is the loss of a family member to zoonotic disease.
Increased demand will continue over the coming decades, driven by rising populations and incomes, urbanization and changing diets in emerging economies, noted Steve Staal, deputy director general-research last minute flight tickets at ILRI. Greater access to global and regional last minute flight tickets meat markets could move  millions of poor livestock keepers out of poverty if they can effectively participate in meeting that  rising demand.
But zoonoses present a major obstacle to their efforts. The study estimates, for example, that about one in eight livestock in poor countries are affected by brucellosis; this reduces milk and meat production in cattle by around 8 per cent.
Thus, while the developing world's booming livestock markets represent a pathway out of poverty for many, the presence of zoonotic diseases can perpetuate rather than reduce poverty and hunger in livestock-keeping communities. The study found a 99 per cent correlation between country levels of protein-energy malnutrition and the burden of zoonoses.
Many poor livestock keepers are not even meeting their own protein and energy needs , said Staal. Too often, animal diseases, including zoonotic diseases, confound their greatest efforts to escape poverty and hunger.
The researchers initially reviewed 56 zoonoses that together are responsible for around 2.5 billion cases of human illness and 2.7 million human deaths per year. A more detailed study was made of the 13 zoonoses last minute flight tickets identified as most important, based on analysis of 1,000 surveys covering more than 10 million people, 6 million animals and 6,000 food or environment samples.
The analysis found high levels of infection with these zoonoses among livestock in poor countries. For example, 27 per cent of livestock in developing countries showed signs of current or past infection last minute flight tickets with bacterial food-borne disease—a source of food contamination and widespread illness. The researchers attribute at least one-third of global diarrheal disease to zoonotic causes, and find this disease to be the biggest zoonotic threat to public health.
As production, processing and retail food chains last minute flight tickets intensify, there are greater risks of food-borne illnesses, especially in poorly last minute flight tickets managed systems , said John McDermott, director of the  CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for  Nutrition and Health, led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Historically, high-density pig and poultry populations have been important in maintaining and mixing influenza populations. A major concern is that as new livestock systems intensify, particularly small- and medium-sized pig production, the more intensive systems will allow the maintenance and transmission of pathogens. A number of new zoonoses, such as Nipah virus infections, have emerged in that way.
The most rapid changes in pig and poultry farming are expected in Burkina Faso and Ghana in Africa and India, Myanmar and Pakistan in Asia. Pig and poultry farming is also intensifying more rapidly than other farm commodity sectors, with more animals being raised in more concentrated spaces, which raises the risk of disease spread.
Assessing last minute flight tickets the likely impacts of livestock intensification on the high-priority zoonoses, the study found that livestock density is associated more with disease event emergence than with overall disease burdens. Both the northeastern United States and Western Europe have high densities of livestock and high levels of disease emergence (e.g., BSE, or mad cow disease, and Lyme disease), but low numbers of people falling sick and dying from zoonotic last minute flight tickets diseases. The latter is almost certainly due to the relatively good disease reporting and health care available in these rich countries.
Bovine tuberculosis is a good example of a zoonotic disease that is now rare in both livestock and human populations in rich countries but continues to plague poor countries, last minute flight tickets where it infects about 7 per cent of cattle, reducing their production by 6 per cent. Most infected cattle have the bovine form of TB, but both the human and bovine forms of TB can infect cows and people. Results of this study suggest that the burden of zoonotic forms of TB may be underestimated, with bovine TB causing up to 10 per cent of human TB cases. Human TB remains one of the most important and common human diseases in poor countries; in 2010, 12 million people suffered from active disease, with 80 per cent of all new cases occurring in 22 developing countries.
We found massive underreporting of zoonoses and animal diseases in general in poor countries , said Grace. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, 99.9 per cent of livestock losses do not appear in official disease reports. Surveillance is not fulfilling its purpose.
The surveillance lacking today will be even more needed in the future, as the climate changes, she added. Previous research by ILRI and others indicates that areas with increased last minute flight tickets rainfall and flooding will have increased risk of zoonoses, particularly those diseases transmitted by insects or associated with stagnant water or flooding.
The main finding of the study is that most of the burden of zoonoses and most of the opportunities for alleviating zoonoses lie in just a few countries, notably Ethiopia, Nigeria, and India. These three countries have the highest number of poor livestock keepers, the highest number of malnourished people, and are in the top five countries last minute flight tickets for both absolute numbers last minute flight tickets affected with zoonoses last minute flight tickets and relative intensity of zoonoses infection.
Read the whole report:  Mapping of poverty and likely zoonoses hotspots , report to the UK Department for International Development by Delia Grace et al., ILRI, Institute of Zoology, Hanoi School of Public Health, 2012.
[i] Nature, Vol 451, 990–993, 21 February 2008, Global trends last minute flight tickets in emerging infectious diseases, Kate E Jones, Nikkita G Patel, Marc Levy, Adam Storeygard, Deborah Balk, John L Gittleman and Peter Daszak.
Agri-Health and Animal Diseases and Burkina Faso and CRP4 and East Africa and Emerging Diseases and Epidemiology and Ethiopia and Ghana and ILRI and India and MarketOpps and Nigeria and PA and Pakistan and Report and South Asia and Spotlight and West Africa and Zoonotic Diseases
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